A business’s marginal cost is the cost required to produce an additional unit of a product. The marginal cost formula is the change in total production costs—including fixed costs and variable costs—divided by the change in output.
Your business’s marginal cost includes two types of costs: your fixed costs and variable costs. Fixed costs don’t change as your production increases, while variable costs change with your production volume. Technically, marginal costs measure your cost to produce an additional unit of a product, but manufacturers often use batches of units to decide whether to continue producing their products.
For example, let’s say a company produces 5,000 watches in a single production run at ₱10,000 per watch. That company needs to analyze the cost of another multi-unit run to determine their marginal cost. The average cost of producing the first run is ₱10,000, while the marginal cost is the cost to produce an additional unit.
In our above example, the cost to produce 5,000 watches at ₱10,000 per watch is ₱50,000,000. If our example business were to produce another 5,000 watches, they’d need their marginal cost projection first.
So, this business finds the cost to produce one more watch is ₱9000. If they had a lower marginal cost, they’d enjoy higher profits. If this business charges ₱15,000 per watch, they earn a ₱5000 profit per watch from their first production run and another ₱6000 profit on additional watches they produce.
To calculate your business’s marginal cost, first determine your fixed and variable costs. Fixed costs are expenses you can predict over a certain period of time. Fixed costs remain the same regardless of how many units you produce, and they include leases, fixed-rate mortgages, annual insurance costs, and annual property taxes.
Variable costs change when your production level increases and when you need to expand your capacity and make adjustments. These variable costs can go up or down: for example, larger manufacturers may decrease their overall unit costs by negotiating lower prices on bulk purchases, which are cost advantages known as economies of scale. Other variable costs, though, such as labor, may increase as production increases. Variable costs include labor, raw materials, equipment repairs, and commissions, all of which you must consider if you want to know how to write your final business plan.
To calculate your business’s marginal cost, divide your change in cost by your change in quantity or the number of additional units you produce. The marginal cost formula is shown below:
Let’s revisit our watch production example. The total cost of the second batch of 5,000 watches is ₱45,000,000, so dividing the change in cost by the change in quantity produces a marginal cost of ₱9000 per additional unit produced.
Most business plan examples should consider potential investments to increase production down the line; these additional investments your business makes in the future can affect its marginal costs.
Let’s say, for example, that our watch manufacturer needs to invest ₱30,000,000 in new equipment to increase its production by 5,000 units. The total cost to produce these 5,000 watches is ₱45,000,000 plus the ₱30,000,000 investment. The marginal cost, therefore, increases to ₱15,000. The manufacturer needs to raise the price per watch to over ₱15,000 to enjoy a profit. Otherwise, they must find a more cost-effective manufacturing process.
Marginal costs reflect the cost of producing additional units of goods and products, while marginal revenue is the revenue produced from the sale of those additional units.
When marginal costs meet or exceed marginal revenue, a business is no longer making a profit and needs to scale back its production. So marginal revenue is an important business metric and one of the key components of a thought-out business plan.
Your pricing strategy is an essential part of your business plan format and, to determine which pricing strategy works best, you’ll need to know how to analyze your marginal revenue. The formula to calculate your marginal revenue is similar to the one you use to calculate your marginal cost. The marginal revenue formula divides your change in revenue by the change in quantity or number of units sold. The marginal revenue formula is shown below:
The key to sustaining sales growth and maximizing your profits is finding a price that doesn’t dampen demand. When it comes to setting prices by unit cost, you have two options: you can increase your sales volume by producing more items and charging a lower price to enjoy a boost in revenue. You can also produce fewer items, charge a higher price, and realize a higher profit margin.
But be careful. Relying on just one of the above strategies may only work if you have your market cornered and can accurately project adequate sales numbers regardless of your price point. Ultimately, you’ll need to strike a balance between production quantity and profit.
The graph below presents what’s called the marginal cost curve. This graph provides production quality on its x-axis and price on its y-axis. On the graph, the marginal cost curves down before increasing. This curve represents the initial decrease in marginal cost as additional units are produced. The marginal cost rises as production increases.
This graph’s curve represents diminishing marginal returns. At some point, your business will incur greater variable costs as its output increases, which is important to consider when writing a business plan. The point in the above graph where the curve begins to slope upward represents the point at which operations become less efficient.
Variable costs are costs that change as a business produces additional product units, but they’re not the only thing that makes up the marginal cost. To calculate marginal costs, businesses should add variable costs to their fixed costs to arrive at their total cost of production. Then you can divide by the change in output. If you need to buy or lease another facility to increase output, this variable cost influences your marginal cost.
Your business’s marginal cost and how it relates to its marginal revenue is critical to pricing and production planning. As you refine your business plan, it’s important to experiment with your pricing and production planning to determine an optimal profit margin and sustain your sales numbers and revenue over time. You may need to experiment with both before you find an optimal profit margin and start sustaining your sales and revenue increases.
