Hi there,
Thanks for reaching out to the Community. I'll be happy to answer your question regarding the Dashboard in QuickBooks.
By default, QuickBooks pulls data from the last 365 days. If you're looking to pull data from previous date ranges, you'll need to run a report which you can customize to any date range you'd like. I can see the benefit of having the ability to customize the dashboard and I encourage you to send this feedback to our engineers. You can do this by clicking the Gear icon and looking for Feedback.
In the meantime, check out these helpful resources with more info about reports in QBO:
Visit us again in the Community if you need anything else.