The world’s largest home furnishing retailer has 355 stores in 29 countries. What are the best-kept secrets behind IKEA’s supply chain management processes?
It ranks Number 40 on Forbes’ esteemed World’s Most Valuable Brands list and took in $39.3 Billion in sales in 2017. IKEA has certainly come a long way in its 65 years of business since its 1943 founding in Sweden.
This organisation impresses not just its consumers with affordable, high-quality furniture, but also competitors and companies around the world – especially with its unique supply chain and inventory management techniques.
Each IKEA store is huge and holds more than 9,500 products! How in the world does IKEA offer so much at such a low price while always being able to keep items in stock?
To start off, IKEA has a clear vision – to provide well designed, functional home furnishings at prices so low that as many people as possible will be able to afford them. Its various functions (supply chain operations and inventory management included) work together to support its distinctive value proposition.
IKEA is distinctive in committing to a catalog of products that will be stocked for a year at a guaranteed price.
IKEA stock incurs low manufacturing costs while meeting strict requirements for function, efficient distribution, quality, and impact on the environment.
According to a case study produced by The Times of London, more than 50% of the products are made from sustainable or recycled products. IKEA seeks to use as few materials as possible to make the furniture, without compromising on quality or durability. By using fewer materials, the company cuts down on transportation costs because it uses less fuel and manpower to receive materials and ship products.
A key part of IKEA’s success is credited to its communications and relationship management with materials suppliers and manufacturers to get good prices on what it procures.
IKEA is a very high volume retailer – it buys products from more than 1,800 suppliers in 50 countries, and uses 42 trading service offices around the world to manage supplier relationships. They negotiate prices with suppliers, check the quality of materials, and keep an eye on social and working conditions.
Although IKEA fosters competition among suppliers to ensure it attains the best prices and materials, the company also makes longstanding commitments to suppliers by signing long-term contracts, thus lowering prices of products further.
For example, IKEA has a code of conduct called the IKEA Way of Purchasing Home Furnishing Products (IWAY), containing minimum rules and guidelines that help manufacturers reduce the impact of their activities on the environment. The requirements within IWAY raise standards by developing sustainable business activities and leaving positive impacts on the business environment in which the suppliers operate.
This also underlines IKEA's commitment to the 'low price but not at any price' vision. Although IKEA wants its customers to enjoy low prices, this should not happen at the expense of its business principles.
Most IKEA furniture is designed and sold in pieces for the customer to assemble. The pieces are placed into convenient and efficient, flat packages for low-cost transport because they take up less room in trucks, maximizing the number of products that can be shipped and minimizing order fulfillment costs.
The unique packaging also takes up less space in warehouse bins and reserve racks, allowing for more room to stock additional items for order fulfillment. What the company saves in fuel and holding costs is passed on to customers.
Every IKEA store has a warehouse on the premises. On the main showroom floor, customers can browse for items. They then obtain the products themselves from the floor pallet location with racking as high as the typical person could reach, where furniture can be purchased and taken home. Additional products are stored in reserve racks above these locations.
IKEA stock is let down to the lower slots at night (forklifts and pallet jacks are not used during store hours for safety reasons). About one-third of the lower level is comprised of a warehouse off limits to customers. This space contains items too bulky for customers to load without help from the staff. Since IKEA wants as much self-service as possible, it works to minimize the number of items in this bulk storage area.
Having customers select the furniture and retrieve the packages themselves is an inventory management tactic called ‘cost-per-touch’. As a rule of thumb, companies find that the more hands touch the product, the more costs are associated with it.
For example, imagine when someone selects a piece of furniture to buy. The item is then ordered, shipped from the manufacturer, moved from the delivery truck into storage in the warehouse, moved from the warehouse to the customer’s vehicle or delivered by the furniture retailer to the customer’s home. Every time the product is shipped, moved, and loaded, it costs money. The fewer times someone moves or touches the item, the fewer costs are associated with it. IKEA saves costs with this guiding principle to minimize touches because it doesn’t have to pay the customer to retrieve the furniture and take it home.
IKEA also relies on something rare and unique concerning its logistical management of reordering products – it employs in-store logistics personnel to handle inventory management at its stores. According to the ARC Advisory Group (professionals and consultants on logistical and supply chain operations), there is an in-store logistics manager responsible for the ordering process and a store goods manager responsible for material handling logistics at all IKEA stores.
The duties of the logistics personnel are to monitor and record deliveries, carefully check delivery notices, sort and separate the goods, and get them off to the correct sales area or designated overstock locations. Overall, they ensure an efficient flow of goods within IKEA stores, which is essential to maintaining high sales and enhancing customer loyalty.
The in-store logistics managers use an inventory replenishment management process developed by IKEA called ‘minimum/maximum settings’ to respond to store-level inventory reorder points and reorder products.
Minimum settings: The minimum amount of products available before reordering.
Maximum settings: The maximum amount of a particular product to order at one time.
Since all IKEA inventory is only stocked at night after opening hours, the logic of its min/max settings is based on the number of products that will be sold from the reserve stack of the bin in a single day or two-day period. The process meets customer demand while minimizing ordering too few or too many products.
This strategy also ensures that IKEA has inventory ready to meet customers’ demands, lowering the cost of lost sales.
Using IKEA’s proprietary inventory system, logistics managers know what is sold through point-of-sale (POS) data and how much inventory comes into the store through direct shipping, and from distribution centers through warehouse management system data. Using this data, they can forecast sales for the next couple of days and order in the suitable amount of products to meet that demand.
If the sales data doesn’t match the projected number of items that should have been sold that day, the logistics manager goes directly to the pallet and bin to do a manual stocktake.
IKEA believes its process and system allows for the right goods to be in the store with greater certainty, and at a lower cost, than the traditional retail forecasting and replenishment process.
IKEA’s store operations are supported by high-flow facilities (focused on the 20% of SKUs that account for 80% of the volume) and low-flow warehouses that are more manual. In its high-flow warehouses, IKEA employs automatic storage and retrieval systems to drive down its costs-per-touch. Products stocked in a low-flow facility are not in high demand, and operations rely on manual processes since workers will not be shifting and moving inventory around too much.
These strategies have made IKEA the world’s most successful furniture retailer with low operating costs and high product demand. This allows the company to stay competitive in the industry as it continually seeks more advanced methods to streamline supply chain management.
IKEA has a clear vision supported by complementary cross-functional logic. This not only differentiates IKEA from its peers, but also provides it with a competitive advantage that is difficult to duplicate at other organizations.
Take a cue from IKEA and see what you can shake up in your own inventory management practices and supply chain management strategy.
Utilizing the right tools to systematize and automate your workflows can have a huge impact on the productivity and profitability of your business. IKEA is simply proof that today’s digital technologies enable businesses to centrally manage a complex web of working parts less expensively, more quickly, and with less manual labor than ever before.
QuickBooks Commerce Connect , for example, enables you to build rule-based automation workflows to streamline your sales order processing and fulfillment by automating time-consuming and repetitive tasks such as customer communications and order routing.
Likewise, QuickBooks Commerce seamlessly integrates with other software solutions such as the Shopify eCommerce platform, Xero accounting system, shipping providers and 3PL companies via the 3PL Exporter to enable you to manage your entire supply chain from a single dashboard. The possibilities for efficiency are virtually endless.
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