What is an accountant? Definition, types, roles, and cost in 2026

Accountant vs Bookkeeper - Most important differences

The terms “accountant” and “bookkeeper” are often used interchangeably, but they refer to distinct roles with different responsibilities. 

Bookkeepers handle daily financial tasks like tracking income and expenses and reconciling accounts. Accountants analyze that data, prepare taxes, and offer strategic insights to support long-term business planning. In short, bookkeepers focus on accuracy and organization, while accountants prioritize interpretation and guidance.

Accountant vs CPA 

All certified public accountants (CPAs) are accountants, but not all accountants are CPAs. CPAs have passed accounting certification exams and met strict requirements, allowing them to perform specialized tasks like audits and IRS representation. Their advanced credentials often mean higher pay and broader services than non-certified accountants.

How to become an accountant

Here are the typical steps many professionals take to become an accountant.

Step 1: Earn a degree

Start with a bachelor’s degree in accounting or a related field such as finance or business administration. This provides the core knowledge needed for most entry-level roles.

Step 2: Gain practical experience

Hands-on experience through internships or entry-level positions helps develop real-world skills. For certifications like the CPA, most states require a minimum number of supervised work hours.

Step 3: Obtain certification (if required)

To work in public accounting or advance your career, becoming a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) is often necessary. This involves meeting your state’s education and experience requirements and passing the Uniform CPA Examination. Additional certifications, such as Certified Management Accountant (CMA) or Certified Internal Auditor (CIA) certifications, can also improve career opportunities. 

Requirements to become an accountant

Becoming an accountant involves education, hands-on experience, and, for some roles, professional certification. The following is an overview, but exact requirements vary by country, state, and industry.

General requirements

• Education. Typically, a bachelor’s degree in accounting, finance, or a related field. 
• Experience: Entry-level roles often require internships or 1–3 years of relevant experience, sometimes gained during school.
• Specific skills: Strong analytical, organizational, and communication skills are essential. Accountants also need to be proficient in spreadsheets and accounting software.

Certified Public Accountant (CPA) requirements

• Education: Most states require 150 college credit hours (often beyond a bachelor’s degree).
• Exam: You must pass the Uniform CPA Exam.
• Experience: Typically, 1–2 years of supervised experience under a licensed CPA.
• Ethics: Some states also require an ethics exam.
• Other: Age, residency, or citizenship requirements may apply in some states.

Other certifications and industry specializations

CPA is the most recognized credential in the field, but other professional certifications may be required depending on the industry or job function.

• Certified Management Accountant (CMA): Focuses on internal business strategy, budgeting, performance management, and decision support.
• Certified Internal Auditor (CIA): Concentrates on internal auditing, risk management, and governance processes.
• Enrolled Agent (EA): Gives you the ability to represent taxpayers before the IRS. 

Continuing education

Continuing education is required to maintain certifications and stay current with industry standards, tax laws, and technology. For example:

• CPAs: Certified Public Accountants must complete annual Continuing Professional Education (CPE)—usually 40 hours per year, including ethics. Requirements vary by state.
• Enrolled Agents (EAs): EAs need 72 hours of continuing education every three years (at least 16 hours per year), including 2 hours of ethics annually, per IRS guidelines.

5 tools that accountants use daily 

Accountants rely on a range of tools to perform their duties accurately and efficiently. The following are some of the most common:

1. Spreadsheets

Spreadsheets are used to organize financial data, build reports, and run calculations. Functions and formulas, such as pivot tables, can help summarize large datasets, making it easier to analyze trends and support efficient, accurate accounting workflows.

2. Time tracking tools

Accountants rely on time-tracking tools to manage billable hours and monitor time spent across projects. These tools can contribute to accurate client invoicing, improved productivity, and compliance with labor and audit requirements. 

3. Document management systems

Digital file storage platforms allow accountants to easily organize, secure, and share sensitive financial documents. Platforms with features like version control, audit trails, and encryption help firms meet regulatory standards and maintain data integrity.

4. Communication platforms

Communication tools like video conferencing and workplace messaging apps facilitate collaboration with clients and team members. They can keep projects moving by streamlining real-time updates and document reviews.

5. QuickBooks accounting software 

For the core of daily operations, accounting software, such as QuickBooks, handles tasks like bookkeeping, payroll, invoicing, and tax prep. QuickBooks offers real-time reporting, automation, and client collaboration, making it a top choice for many accounting professionals. Its cloud-based, scalable platform also provides secure, anytime access to financial data and integrates seamlessly with payroll, time tracking, and third-party apps to optimize workflows.

How to find an accountant for your business 

Follow these steps to find an accountant who fits your business needs and goals.

Step 1: Define your needs

Decide what services you're looking for, such as tax prep, payroll, bookkeeping, or financial advice. For example, if you need help filing complex tax returns or representing your business before the IRS, a CPA may be required. For day-to-day bookkeeping, a general accountant may suffice.

Step 2: Search locally or online

Ask fellow business owners or professionals in your network for referrals. A recommendation from someone in your industry can help you find someone who already understands the financial nuances of your sector. You can also use online directories like QuickBooks ProAdvisor to search for accountants near you.

Step 3: Check credentials and reviews

Look for certifications and read client reviews to evaluate their reputation and expertise. Make sure their background matches your niche and that they offer precisely the kind of accounting services you need.

Step 4: Reach out and ask questions

Contact candidates and ask business-relevant questions, such as their experience with similar clients or their comfort with the current tools and software your business uses. Choosing someone already familiar with your systems can make onboarding faster and more efficient.

Step 5: Compare costs and get started

Review the accountant’s pricing structure, so you know what to expect. Make sure you understand if it’s hourly, a flat fee, retainer-based, or another model. Look for someone with the right credentials and experience who fits your budget. Once you’ve made your choice, onboard them by giving them access to your financial records and relevant business systems.

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